**TimeSformer** is a [convolution](https://paperswithcode.com/method/convolution)-free approach to video classification built exclusively on self-attention over space and time. It adapts the standard [Transformer](https://paperswithcode.com/method/transformer) architecture to video by enabling spatiotemporal feature learning directly from a sequence of frame-level patches. Specifically, the method adapts the image model [[Vision Transformer](https://paperswithcode.com/method/vision-transformer)](https//www.paperswithcode.com/method/vision-transformer) (ViT) to video by extending the self-attention mechanism from the image space to the space-time 3D volume. As in ViT, each patch is linearly mapped into an embedding and augmented with positional information. This makes it possible to interpret the resulting sequence of vector

### Why SGD with  Momentum?
In deep learning, we have used stochastic gradient descent as one of the optimizers because at the end we will find the minimum weight and bias at which the model loss is lowest. In the SGD we have some issues in which the SGD does not work perfectly because in deep learning we got a non-convex cost function graph and if use the simple SGD then it leads to low performance. There are 3 main reasons why it does not work:

<img src="https://www.cs.umd.edu/~tomg/img/landscapes/shortHighRes.png" alt="Non-convex graph" style="width:400px;height :300px;" />

1) We end up in local minima and not able to reach global minima
At the start, we randomly start at some point and we are going to end up at the local minimum and not able to reach the global minimum.

2) Saddle Point will be the stop for reaching global minima
A saddle point is a point where in one direction the surface goes in the upward direction and in another direction it goes downwards. So that the slope is changing very gradually so the speed of changing is going to slow and as result, the training also going to slow.

3) High curvature can be a reason
The larger radius leads to low curvature and vice-versa. It will be difficult to traverse in the large curvature which was generally high in non-convex optimization.
By using the SGD with Momentum optimizer we can overcome the problems like high curvature, consistent gradient, and noisy gradient.

### What is SGD with Momentum?
SGD with  Momentum is one of the optimizers which is used to improve the performance of the neural network.

Let's take an example and understand the intuition behind the optimizer suppose we have a ball which is sliding from the start of the slope as it goes the speed of the bowl is increased over time. If we have one point A and we want to reach point B and we don't know in which direction to move but we ask for the 4 points which have already reached point B. If all 4 points are pointing you in the same direction then the confidence of the A is more and it goes in the direction pointed very fast. This is the main concept behind the SGD with Momentum.

<img src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*zNbZqU_uDIV13c9ZCJOEXA.jpeg" alt="Non-convex graph" style="width:400px;height :250px;" />
### How does SGD with Momentum work?
So first to understand the concept of exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA). It was a technique through which try to find the trend in time series data. The formula of the EWMA is :

<img src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*O9Wcq-mbRgNOdRNTivSefw.png" alt="Non-convex graph" style="width:400px;height :100px;" />

 In the formula, β represents the weightage that is going to assign to the past values of the gradient. The values of β is from 0 < β < 1. If the value of the beta is 0.5 then it means that the 1/1–0.5 = 2 so it represents that the calculated average was from the previous 2 readings. 

The value of Vt depends on β. The higher the value of β the more we try to get an average of more past data and vice-versa. For example, let's take the value of β 0.98 and 0.5 for two different scenarios so if we do 1/1-β then we get 50 and 10 respectively so it was clear that to calculate the average we take past 50 and 10 outcomes respectively for both cases.
Now in SGD with Momentum, we use the same concept of EWMA. Here we introduce the term velocity v which is used to denote the change in the gradient to get to the global minima. The change in the weights is denoted by the formula:

<img src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/0*i_r3u7LACa6dQyXd" alt="Non-convex graph" style="width:400px;height :100px;" />

the β part of the V formula denotes and is useful to compute the confidence or we can say the past velocity for calculating Vt we have to calculate Vt-1 and for calculating Vt-1 we have to calculate Vt-2 and likewise. So we are using the history of velocity to calculate the momentum and this is the part that provides acceleration to the formula.

<img src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*L5lNKxAHLPYNc6-Zs4Vscw.png" alt="Non-convex graph" style="width:300px;height :100px;" />

Here we have to consider two cases:
1. β=0 then, as per the formula weight updating is going to just work as a Stochastic gradient descent. Here we called β a decaying factor because it is defining the speed of past velocity.

2. β=1 then, there will be no decay. It involves the dynamic equilibrium which is not desired so we generally use the value of β like 0.9,0.99or 0.5 only.

### Advantages of SGD with Momentum :
1. Momentum is faster than stochastic gradient descent the training will be faster than SGD.
2. Local minima can be an escape and reach global minima due to the momentum involved.

<img src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*Nb39bHHUWGXqgisr2WcLGQ.gif" alt="Non-convex graph" style="width:400px;height :300px;" />

Here in the video, we can see that purple is SGD with Momentum and light blue is for SGD the SGD with Momentum can reach global minima whereas SGD is stuck in local minima.
But there is a catch, the momentum itself can be a problem sometimes because of the high momentum after reaching global minima it is still fluctuating and take some time to get stable at global minima. And that kind of behavior leads to time consumption which makes SGD with Momentum slower than other optimization out there but still faster than SGD.

SGD with Momentum

TimeSformer

Is Space-Time Attention All You Need for Video Understanding?

**SKNet** is a type of convolutional neural network that employs [selective kernel](https://paperswithcode.com/method/selective-kernel) units, with selective kernel convolutions, in its architecture. This allows for a type of attention where the network can learn to attend to different receptive fields.

Source	Is Space-Time Attention All You Need for Video Understanding?
Year	2000
Data Source	CC BY-SA - https://paperswithcode.com